Which air spaces in the human body must be equalized during diving?

During diving, it is essential to equalize the pressure in the ears, sinuses, and lungs. As a diver descends, water pressure increases, and the air spaces within the body, particularly those connected to the environment, such as the middle ear and sinuses, are impacted.

The ears contain air-filled spaces that need to be equalized to prevent discomfort and potential injury, such as barotrauma, which can occur if the pressure inside the ears is not adjusted in accordance with the external pressure. Divers typically use techniques like the Valsalva maneuver or the Frenzel maneuver to achieve equalization.

Similarly, the sinuses, which are also air-filled cavities, require equalization for the same reasons. A failure to equalize these spaces can lead to pain, sinus barotrauma, or other complications during the dive.

Additionally, the lungs, which are vital for breathing and gas exchange, must be equalized through careful inhalation and exhalation practices. Unlike the ears and sinuses, the lungs are more dynamic; divers must avoid holding their breath during ascent to prevent expansion injury.

The other options do not represent air spaces that are affected by changes in pressure in the same way. The heart and liver, stomach and