What major factors influence the difference in appearance of objects underwater compared to land?

The difference in appearance of objects underwater compared to those on land is significantly influenced by several optical factors: refraction, absorption, diffusion, and turbidity.

Refraction occurs because light bends when it enters water from air, which alters the way we perceive the object's position and shape. This bending of light can make objects appear closer or further away than they actually are.

Absorption refers to the various wavelengths of light that are absorbed by water. Different colors penetrate water to different depths—red light is absorbed quickly, while blue light can travel further. This selective absorption can change the apparent color of objects, making them look different than they would in the air.

Diffusion relates to how light scatters as it encounters particles in the water. This scattering can blur the appearance of objects, making them seem less defined.

Turbidity describes the cloudiness or haziness of the water, often caused by suspended particles. Increased turbidity can further obscure visibility and alter the appearance of objects underwater.

The inclusion of all four factors—refraction, absorption, diffusion, and turbidity—provides a comprehensive understanding of how and why the underwater environment presents visual differences from that of land. Each contributes uniquely to how we perceive objects, making this answer the most